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1971 (as PRC) | former_entity = Republic of China | sc_seat = Permanent | representative_title = Permanent Representative | representative = Liu Jieyi }} China is a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council after being on the winning side following the Second World War. The Republic of China (ROC) joined the UN in 1945. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong declared the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and the government of the Republic of China relocated to Taipei after losing the Chinese Civil War. The United States and other countries opposed and condemned the admission of the PRC in the UN following the Korean War, and the ROC, now based in Taiwan, with United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505, kept its membership of the UN until October 25, 1971. Following United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1668 and the disclosure of Henry Kissinger's secret visit to PRC in 1971,〔http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=2483&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1〕 although Saudi Arabia submitted a proposition allowing the ROC to retain its seat at the UN and its affiliated organizations "until the people of the Island of Taiwan are enabled by a referendum or a plebiscite" under the auspices of the UN to choose among three options: continued independence as a sovereign state with a neutral status defined by a treaty recorded by the UN; a confederation with the PRC; or a federation with the PRC,〔http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/print/2007/11/01/2003385749〕 but to no avail from American politics,〔http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/ONU_edward_keefer.pdf〕 and with the support from 26 African UN Member States,〔http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014livisitafrica/2014-05/05/content_17483508.htm〕 in accordance with Article 18 of the UN Charter,〔http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter4.shtml〕 the United Nations General Assembly passed the motion of Albania's Resolution 2758 on October 25, 1971, recognizing People's Republic of China was the only lawful representative of China to the United Nations and expelled Republic of China. As a result, the PRC was able to take over ROC's membership in the United Nations. The resolution was supported by most of the communist states including the Soviet Union and Non-Aligned countries such as India, along with some Western European countries including the United Kingdom and France. Taipei's request to admit to UN was turned down in 2007,〔http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/world/asia/24iht-taiwan.1.6799766.html?_r=0〕 but a number of Western governments, with the US in the lead, protested to the UN (and United Nations Office of Legal Affairs) in 2007 to force the global body and its secretary-general to stop using the reference “Taiwan is a part of China.”〔http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/09/06/2003512568〕 The representatives of the PRC first attended the United Nations as representatives of China on October 25, 1971, replacing the ROC. The PRC has instituted the "One-China policy", under which it actively opposes any moves seen to be endorsement of the ROC (or Taiwan) as an independent sovereign state or as a rival "China", although two Chinas effectively exist. The PRC has utilized its position in organizations such as the UN to force Taiwan itself, and many international organizations, to use other names to represent the ROC/Taiwan officially. The most common of these names is "Chinese Taipei", utilized most notably by the International Olympic Committee as the official name of Taiwan's Olympic team. The UN, however, has been pressured by the PRC into referring to Taiwan in official documents as Taiwan, Province of China. == Activity == The Republic of China used its Security Council veto only once, to stop the admission of the Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations in 1955 on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia as part of China.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=聯合國 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The veto and how to use it )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Changing Pattern in the Use of Veto in the Security Council )〕 , the People's Republic of China had used its Security Council veto eight times, fewer than other countries with the veto: in 1972 to veto the admission of Bangladesh (which it recognized as a province of Pakistan), in 1973 (in conjunction with the Soviet Union) to veto a resolution on the ceasefire in the Yom Kippur War, in 1997 to veto ceasefire observers to Guatemala (which recognised the ROC as the legitimate government of China), in 1999 to veto an extension of observers to the Republic of Macedonia (same), in 2007 (in conjunction with Russia) to veto criticizing Myanmar (Burma) on its human rights record, in 2008 (with Russia) to veto sanctions against Zimbabwe,〔( Russia, China veto U.N. sanctions on Zimbabwe ), CNN, July 12, 2008〕 in 2011 (with Russia) to veto sanctions against Syria,〔(Russia and China veto UN resolution against Syrian regime )〕 and in February 2012 (with Russia) to veto for the second time a draft resolution calling for foreign military intervention in Syria. The ROC co-founded the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration(UNRRA) in 1943 (prior to the establishment of UN) and is one of four members of its policy-making Central Committee.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Agreement for United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration )〕 UNRRA provided supplies and services to areas under occupation by the Axis Powers. The largest project undertaken by UNRRA was the China program which had a total estimated cost of $658.4 million. UNRRA China Office was opened in Shanghai at the end of 1944, and operated until the official termination of the office on December 31, 1947. Final work and responsibilities were finished by March, 1948. UNRRA cooperated with Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, led by Jiang Tingfu, to distribute relief supplies in China. UNRRA functions were later transferred to several UN agencies, including the International Refugee Organization and the World Health Organization. Peng Chun Chang of ROC was the Vice-Chairman of United Nations Commission on Human Rights that drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The Drafters of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights )〕 Eleanor Roosevelt, as the driving force behind the Declaration, recalled in her memoirs: Dr. Chang was a pluralist and held forth in charming fashion on the proposition that there is more than one kind of ultimate reality. The Declaration, he said, should reflect more than simply Western ideas and Dr. Humphrey would have to be eclectic in his approach...at one point Dr. Chang suggested that the Secretariat might well spend a few months studying the fundamentals of Confucianism! The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly as Resolution 217 A(III) on December 10, 1948, as the result of the experience of the Second World War.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights - History of the Document )〕 ROC was one of the 48 states that voted for it. On February 1, 1951, after cease fire negotiations failed, United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 498 and called the intervention of the People's Republic of China in Korea an act of aggression.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Resolution 498(V) Intervention of the Central People's Government of People's Republic of China in Korea )〕 , China had sent 3,362 military personnel to 13 UN peacekeeping operations in its first dispatch of military observers to the United Nations peacekeeping operations since military team to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The International Criminal Court is a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. The Court has jurisdiction if a situation is referred to the Court by the United Nations Security Council. As of May 2013, 122 states have ratified or acceded to the Rome Statute that established the Court, but the PRC is not one of them. The PRC, as well its neighbouring rival India, has been critical of the Court. China ranked 7th among member states for contributing 3.93% of United Nations Peacekeeping operations budget for 2013-2015. United States ranked first by contributing 27.14%. The 1954 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees - History )〕 The Nobel Foundation noted that UNHCR, among other contributions, was asked by UN General Assembly (Resolution 1167〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Chinese refugees in Hong Kong )〕 and 1784〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The problem of Chinese refugees in Hong Kong )〕), in 1957 and again in 1962, to assist Chinese refugees in Hong Kong whose numbers are estimated at over one million. UNHCR assistance was also given to needy refugees among the Chinese refugees in Macao, and the Tibetan refugees in India and Nepal.〔 India hosted some 110,000 Tibetan refugees as of the end of 2001.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=India: Information on Tibetan refugees and settlements )〕 UNHCR estimates that there are 15,000 Tibetans who arrived in Nepal prior to 1990 and were recognized by the Government as refugees.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=2013 UNHCR country operations profile - Nepal )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「China and the United Nations」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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